·Auto insurance reform is expected to start at the end of the year

The homogenization of products in China's auto insurance market is serious, the terms of the tariffs are extensive, and the problems of car insurance claims are frequently encountered. In order to solve this problem, standardize and purify the auto insurance market, and maintain the rights and interests of the owners. Following the internal consultation in December last year, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission issued a notice on the further development of the reform of the commercial auto insurance clause rate management system. Opinion draft) (hereinafter referred to as "Guidance Opinion"), in this draft, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission has revised the auto insurance marketization reform steps.
Although the auto insurance rate reform timetable has not been clearly listed at present, some insiders have indicated that it is highly probable that the auto insurance fee will be changed from the end of this year to the beginning of next year.
Auto insurance fees are imminent. As early as 2001, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission had liberalized auto insurance rates in Guangdong, but returned to reunification after a few years. In the past ten years, although the insurance premium income of the entire auto insurance industry has grown rapidly, the operating status of insurance companies is not optimistic. Some people in the Internet of Internet Industry Fund said that in 2013, there were 46 losses in 49 insurance companies operating in the country, while the other three relatively large companies were not profitable. The auto insurance industry is entering a downward channel.
The auto insurance crisis is not just a simple profit problem. The single auto insurance product in China restricts the vitality and creativity of insurance companies. In the existing auto insurance market, product homogeneity is serious, and the types of product underwriting risks are small and the scope is small, resulting in owners. Many of the insurance needs cannot be met. At the same time, the auto insurance rate clause is extensive, the vehicle division is too general, and the owners of different risk levels charge premiums at a flat rate, which limits the development of the auto insurance industry to a certain extent.
Commercial auto insurance reform must adhere to the market-oriented direction, hand over the right to formulate commercial auto insurance clause rates to insurance companies, and hand over the choice of commercial auto insurance products and services to the market.
A set of three-tier rates to avoid price wars Since 2006, commercial auto insurance terms and rates have been implemented in the industry unified system. At present, the main insurance companies in the domestic market use auto insurance clauses are mainly ABC three sets of auto insurance clauses, that is, PICC The terms of the three companies, Ping An and Tai Bao, and the Ansheng Tianping Insurance Company (formerly Tianping Automobile Insurance Company) are separate sets of auto insurance clauses. Although there are three sets of ABC standards available, the essential difference is not large.
According to the "Guidance Opinion", the commercial auto insurance rate will be divided into three levels, which are composed of the benchmark pure risk premium, the benchmark additional fee and the rate adjustment factor. The current ABC clause will be withdrawn from the historical stage. A person in charge of a car insurance company said that the commercial auto insurance rate can be imagined as a three-layered cake, each layer containing different raw materials, and the proportion is different.
In the future, a new model will be formed, with innovative clauses as a supplement, and new commercial auto insurance clauses, pre-trial and approval systems will be established. Based on the law of large numbers, market-oriented, and granting and gradually expanding the commercial auto insurance rate of property insurance companies to determine autonomy.
Some insiders believe that this round of auto insurance fees will change the rate and the compatibility of the terms, so that the market players have more choices. Different from the complete liberalization of auto insurance rates in 2003, the regulator hopes to avoid repeating the price war.
Pricing with “car” is difficult. The biggest difficulty in auto insurance rate reform is the lack of vehicle standards and insufficient data accumulation. There are many models in the Chinese market, and the price and maintenance cost of each model are different. There is no unified model for insurance and payment data. It is difficult for independent companies to master these data.
The biggest breakthrough in the commercial auto insurance reform is the pricing of “cars”. In terms of auto benchmark premium premium pricing, in the future, China's auto insurance industry will implement an internationally popular model pricing model, changing the existing pricing model based on factors such as new car purchase price, age and number of seats, and realize differentiated pricing of models. .
Chen Wenhui, vice chairman of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, revealed that the China Insurance Association is embarking on the construction of the “model name standard database”, unifying the model name at the whole industry level, studying the risk level of the model, and providing technical conditions for pricing the model.
Insurers should respond to the reform and reform of auto insurance rates and market-oriented reforms to push auto insurance to self-employment and self-financing. Insurance companies urgently need to transition the incentive mechanism of “the hero of premium theory” to the increase in premiums and profits. Paying attention to it, changing the simple and extensive management mode, strengthening the concept of profit and profit assessment, comprehensive consideration of factors such as the structure of insurance, policy costs, and quality of underwriting.
In the marketing model, insurance companies should actively innovate and break the situation that the intermediary monopolizes customer resources. Insurance companies should fully understand the trend of automobile sales and customer spending habits, develop online sales, reduce intermediate links, and reduce the rate directly to benefit consumers.
At the same time, it is necessary to establish a database, collect and accumulate statistical data of the company and the industry, and draw on the statistical data of public security, traffic management and other social risk management functions, as a reference for determining the rate. Fully incorporate the factors such as the model, the actual situation of the owner, the usage of the vehicle, the market supply and demand, and the company's own situation into the database, so that the rate matches the risk, thereby segmenting the market and refining the risk.
In addition, it is necessary to integrate the strength of the whole industry and improve the infrastructure. Through collecting, statistic and analyzing the business data of commercial auto insurance in the whole industry, measuring the reference pure loss rate of the commercial auto insurance industry, establishing a data monitoring mechanism, timely discovering and coping with various new situations and new problems that may arise; and promoting the construction of auto insurance information platform, Establish a database of auto insurance industry, strengthen information exchange with the public security traffic control department, and share information inside and outside the industry; further improve the industry claims service by establishing a subrogation mechanism.

LED PCB

The most comprehensive introduction of LED PCB


The relationship between LED and PCB


The printed circuit board is a genius innovation of circuit technology, laying less space and materials for more complex and large-scale circuits. The printed circuit board is such an important invention in circuit technology because it makes electrical and electronic components smaller, more flexible and more precise. For example, FPC(Flexible PCB), Multilayer PCB, BGA PCB , rigid-flex PCB and so on.
LED Printed Circuit Board
LED is an abbreviation for light-emitting diode. An LED is essentially a two-lead semiconductor device that emits light when current passes in a certain direction. Although LEDs start with devices that only emit low-intensity infrared light, this technology has been widely used in lighting for many years. Modern LEDs not only provide high intensity, very bright light but also different uses and use in different scenes, such as plant growth lights, car lights, street lights, traffic lights, shadowless lights in hospital operating rooms.

Soldering the LED chip to the PCB board, as long as the PCB circuit is connected in some way, it will illuminate, which forms the LED PCB. LED PCBs typically also have a heat sink and ceramic pedestal to hold the circuit in place and allow the smooth operation of the circuit. A heat sink is required because LEDs tend to generate a lot of heat, which can damage the PCB and the equipment that connects the circuits.

Because LED will produce a lot of heat, led PCB generally uses metal substrate as its production material. Metals with the ability to dissipate heat quickly have proved to be a better choice. Generally, whenever led PCB is designed, Aluminum PCB is preferred. Aluminum PCB usually also contains a thin layer of dielectric, which can dissipate heat faster.

In addition to general lighting, led PCB can also provide visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light. Compared with other light sources, LED PCB can provide higher energy.


We are a professional LED PCB manufacturer and assembler in China, In this article, we would like to introduce in detail what is LED PCB, the materials used in manufacturing and LED circuit boards manufacturing, the application of LED printed circuit boards and so on.


In China, there are many PCB manufacturers and suppliers. Jinghongyi PCB is one of the LED PCB board manufacturers. We only provide LED PCB fabrication services. LED PCB design is not our specialty and business scope.



LED PCB board Introduction


LED PCB has many other names, such as LED PCB board, LED circuit, LED circuit board, led printed circuit boards, PCB board for LED.


In a sense, LED PCB and aluminum PCB belong to the same kind of PCB products, because their uses and materials are mostly the same.


With the popularization and widespread use of industrial lighting and civil lighting, whether outdoor or indoor, family or commercial buildings and factories, lighting provides the guarantee of its normal operation.


Of course, nowadays, with the development of human society, environmental pollution has become a difficult problem in the world. In order to reduce the consumption of coal, such as coal used for power generation in thermal power plants, coal combustion pollutes the atmosphere very seriously. In order to save energy and protect the environment, LED lights and previous lighting methods have great advantages, except for energy. Besides providing brighter lights, it also contributes to environmental protection.



LED PCB Meaning


LED circuit board is a kind of printed circuit board.

LED PCB ROUND - JHYPCB MANUFACTURER



LED PCB Board Manufactureing


Both LED aluminium PCB and FR-4 fiberglass circuit board belong to PCB. To say differently, only compare LED aluminium substrate with FR-4 fiberglass circuit board.


LED aluminium substrate is printed on the surface of aluminium material with better thermal conductivity, and then weld electronic components on it.

In electronics, an LED circuit or LED driver is an electrical circuit used to power a light-emitting diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current to light the LED at the required brightness, but must limit the current to prevent damaging the LED.

Kinds of LED PCB Circuit Board

The voltage drop across an LED is approximately constant over a wide range of operating current; therefore, a small increase in applied voltage greatly increases the current.


Very simple circuits are used for low-power indicator LEDs. More complex, current source circuits are required when driving high-power LEDs for illumination to achieve correct current regulation.

An LED PCB board tends to generate a high volume of heat, making it difficult to cool via traditional means.



LED PCB Board Material - LED PCB raw material, LED bulb PCB raw material, LED strip PCB material


Metal core PCBs are often chosen for LED applications because they have enhanced heat dissipation capabilities. In particular, aluminium is usually used to make circuit boards for LED lamps. Aluminum substrates usually consist of thin layers of thermal conductive dielectrics that can be transported and have much more efficient heat dissipation than conventional rigid PCBs.


Compared with other electronic components, LED generates more heat, which requires PCB to heat very well. For this special feature, Metal Core PCB is often used in LED circuit boards, especially aluminum core PCB.


The following is the heat dissipation capacity of PCB plates of different materials, from weak to strong

1. FR4, common PCB board material;

2. Alumina substrate;

3. There is no doubt that the thermal conductivity of ceramic PCB is the best among many materials;

4. The thermal conductivity of alumina ceramic circuit board can be about ten times that of the aluminum substrate;

5. The thermal conductivity of Slyton aluminum nitride ceramic circuit board is ten times higher than that of alumina;

In this kind of ultra-high thermal conductivity, LED light attenuation will be greatly weakened, and its service life will be greatly increased.



LED Lighting PCB Assembly


Seeking LED PCB and Assembly? LED PCB manufacturing and assembly; Led board made based on your PCB files. Turn-key services; 100% inspection.


led-strip


Applications of LED PCB


PCB LED lights can be incorporated into numerous lighting applications due to their combination of excellent energy efficiency, low cost and maximum design flexibility.

  • Automotive headlights
  • Airport runway landing lights
  • Lighting used in military field
  • Street lighting
  • Highway tunnel lighting
  • Photovoltaic (solar) lighting
  • Flashlights and lanterns
  • Traffic and signal lighting
  • Lighting in hospital operating rooms
  • High growth plant lighting
  • Highway tunnel lighting
  • Solar power products


led-downlight

If you have any questions about LED PCB Board, Please feel free to send us email. If you have final Gerber for production, welcome your inquiry.


Additional Information

Aluminum PCB for LED Light/Lamp/Tube
Aluminum PCB for LED
Aluminium Base LED PCB
LED Metal Core PCB
Metal Core PCB for LED
PCB industry cut into LED PCB heat sink aluminum substrate
Double Sided Aluminum PCB

LED PCB,LED Circuit Board,LED PCB Board,LED Printed Circuit Board

JingHongYi PCB (HK) Co., Limited , https://www.pcbjhy.com