With the rapid development of intelligent equipment and technology such as industrial robots, as well as the rising labor costs and the difficulty of recruiting workers, machine substitution has become the trend of the times, improving labor productivity, solving labor problems, and improving occupational health and safety through machine substitution. The production level has become an inevitable choice for the transformation and upgrading of industrial enterprises. The implementation of machine substitution in Zhejiang and Guangdong has achieved good results, and the experience is worthy of promotion. However, there are still some difficulties in the replacement of funds, talents, technology and equipment in China's machinery, which needs to be resolved. Machine substitution is an inevitable choice for industrial transformation and upgrading. First, machine substitution can greatly increase labor productivity. At present, enterprises are faced with the dual pressures of rapid increase in labor costs and difficulty in recruiting workers. Since 2000, the average wage of employed persons in urban units in China has been maintained at an annual growth rate of more than 10 per year. In 2013, the average annual wage of non-private employees in urban areas reached 51,474 yuan, a nominal increase of 10.1 compared with 2012. Difficulties in recruiting workers have become a common phenomenon in recent years, especially in labor-intensive enterprises and some service-oriented enterprises. The labor market in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou is frequently used. Machine substitution can greatly increase labor productivity and enhance corporate competitiveness. Machine substitution will replace a large number of manufacturing labor, effectively alleviating the shortage of labor. Taking Zhejiang Province as an example, in 2012, Zhejiang Province proposed a comprehensive machine substitution strategy, with an annual investment of more than 300 billion yuan. It is estimated that by 2017, the province's 36,000 industrial enterprises above designated size will fully complete the modern technological transformation of machine substitution. According to the provincial government's estimate, by 2017, after the completion of the machine substitution, the social labor productivity of Zhejiang Province will increase from 100,000 yuan per person per year to 140,000 yuan per person year, and the growth rate will reach 40 in three years. Second, machine substitution can promote new employment and employment structure adjustment. Most of the substitutions for machines are labor-intensive, simple and repeatable, with high safety risks and poor working environment. At the same time, new requirements are placed on the technical capabilities and knowledge level of on-the-job workers, and the demand for high-tech talents is increasing. It can promote the adjustment of the employment structure of enterprises. In the special report of "The Positive Impact of Industrial Robots on Employment" released by the International Robot Alliance in 2013, through the analysis of the status quo of industrial robots in the United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Brazil and China, it is pointed out that in the next 8 years, robotics will On the one hand, the robot industry itself will continue to grow and will create a large number of new employment needs. On the other hand, the continuous application of robots will lead to the refinement of the manufacturing division, promote the innovation and upgrading of the service industry, and create new ones. job opportunity. The data show that in 2000-2011, the use rate of robots in the US, Japan and China has nearly doubled in 11 years, but the labor unemployment rate of the other five countries is gradually decreasing except for the United States. Globally, robots have been directly Create 4-6 million jobs and indirectly create 3-5 million jobs; in the next 8 years, robots will create another 1.9 million to 3.5 million jobs. Third, machine substitution can solve occupational health and safety problems. In recent years, although the number of accidents and the number of casualties in China have been declining year by year, the total number of accidents and casualties is still high. The number of accidents and the number of deaths have also slowed down year by year, especially in 2008. After the number of deaths in production accidents fell below 100,000 for the first time, the number of accidents and the number of deaths declined, and the safety production situation remained grim. At the same time, the occupational health environment in the workplace is not optimistic. The incidence of occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis is still high, and the occupational health and safety status lags far behind the United States, Japan, South Korea and Germany. The National Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Plan (2009-2015) pointed out that occupational disease hazards have a wide range and serious damage to workers' health. The number of occupational disease patients in China is large, and the incidence of occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis and occupational poisoning remains high, especially in the case of mass occupational diseases. There have been. Machine substitution can improve China's safe production situation. Studies have shown that safety production accidents above 90 are related to factors such as human fatigue, misuse, and illegal operation. Compared with people, the machine has the characteristics of high reliability and operational specifications. The substitution of machines can greatly reduce the possibility of accidents. On the other hand, after the substitution of the machine, the number of personnel in the workplace is greatly reduced, and some of the production lines can be unmanned. Even in the event of an accident, a large number of casualties will not be caused, and a serious accident with more than 10 deaths will be effectively contained. In addition, the incidence of occupational diseases is mainly due to long-term exposure to toxic and harmful environments. Machine substitution can reduce the number of front-line employees and reduce the exposure of workers to toxic and harmful environments, which can greatly reduce the incidence of occupational diseases. There are still some difficulties in the substitution of machines in China. One is that a large amount of funds need to be invested in the early stage, and the enthusiasm of enterprises is not high. On the one hand, the price of automated and intelligent equipment is high, hundreds of thousands of millions or even higher. For example, the total investment of intelligent three-dimensional warehouse built by Hangzhou Dingyi Food Co., Ltd. is as high as 28 million yuan. It takes a lot of money to replace the machine, which brings great pressure to the enterprise, especially the small and medium-sized enterprises with weak economic strength. Provide a lot of money to transform. On the other hand, some enterprises have insufficient understanding of the economic benefits of machine substitution. For example, the assembly fork of an instant noodle factory requires a one-time investment of about 600,000 yuan. Some companies think that the investment is too high, not worthy, and the enthusiasm is not high. However, after the automation and transformation of the forks, one production line has been reduced from the original 6-8 people to one person, and the labor cost saved in 1-2 years can recover the cost of automation transformation. Second, the lack of technical and equipment support capabilities, foreign products occupy a larger market. After more than 30 years of development, China's industrial robot industry base has been relatively perfect, playing an important role in the manufacturing, emergency rescue, defense and military industries, but still compared with the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries and regions. Larger gap. First, the research foundation is weak, and key technologies and key components are still heavily dependent on imports. Second, the independent innovation capability of enterprises is insufficient, and the influence of independent brand market is weak. Third, the performance of domestic equipment can not meet the requirements of high precision and reliability. The data shows that the average time between failures of domestic robots is 8,000 hours, while the foreign brands can reach 50,000 hours. Although the domestic equipment has an advantage in price, it is 30-50 lower than the price of the same type of imported products, but foreign products still occupy a large market of industrial robots in China. The data shows that the world's four major industrial robots ABB, Japan FANUC, Yaskawa Electric and Germany KUKA have set up branches in China, foreign brands in the Chinese market share of more than 80%; domestic leading four industries The robot manufacturer's products only account for 5 of China's market share, and the procurement users are mostly small and medium-sized enterprises. Third, there is a shortage of professional and technical service personnel, and the talent training mechanism is imperfect. After the replacement of the enterprise machine, a large number of simple manual laborers were replaced, and a large number of professional technical service personnel were also added to ensure the normal operation of the machine. The data shows that an average of 10 robots in the automotive industry require a technical service staff; an average of 5-6 robots in the non-automotive industry require a technical service personnel. With the continuous rapid growth of the number of industrial robots in China, there is a large demand for technical service talents in the future. At present, China's talent training mechanism and the rapidly growing demand for professional technical service personnel are extremely unsuitable. On the one hand, the characteristics of different industries and different enterprises are different, and the industrial robots used are also quite different. Graduates trained by colleges and universities can hardly meet job requirements before training. On the other hand, enterprises pay insufficient attention to the cultivation of talents, and have not established a sound talent training mechanism, which has led to insufficient capacity for enterprises to cultivate their own talents. In the era of machine substitution, the following aspects should be done first, and multiple measures should be taken to solve the problem of corporate funds. First, make full use of the existing high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment technology special projects, Internet of Things special projects, smart manufacturing equipment special, technical transformation special projects, SME special funds and other major industrial equipment import tax and other tax policies, support and guide enterprises to carry out Machine substitution and transformation; simplify the pre-approval procedures for machine substitution projects, establish a green channel for machine substitution projects, and improve approval efficiency. Second, encourage local government departments to explore and establish support measures for funds and policies that are suitable for the region, and guide the transformation of enterprise machines. The third is to increase credit support, implement medium and long-term loans for key machine transformation projects, and give interest rate concessions; explore the establishment of emergency transfer funds for industrial enterprises, giving priority to machine substitution projects. Second, cultivate leaders and enhance the competitiveness of independent brands. First, encourage enterprises to innovate independently, enhance the competitiveness of industrial robots' own brands, and focus on cultivating a group of leading industrial robots with international influence. The second is to encourage enterprises to gather and develop, and actively cultivate and establish a number of industrial robots with characteristic parks and clusters in areas with good foundations, encourage enterprises to associate and cooperate with each other, give play to the advantages of agglomeration, and reduce the cost of enterprises. The third is to promote a number of domestic advanced technologies and products, such as the establishment of medium- and long-term special funds for the replacement of machines with insurance and banking funds, and the replacement of machines for industrial enterprises by free of charge, allowing enterprises to pay the principal for many years. And the situation of interest, not only can ease the financial pressure of industrial enterprises, enhance the enthusiasm of enterprise transformation, but also quickly promote the promotion and application of domestic advanced robot technology and technology, and promote the rapid development of independent brand robots. Third, pay attention to talents, improve and perfect the talent training mechanism. First, encourage enterprises to improve their ability to cultivate their own talents. They should strengthen cooperation with universities and research institutes, establish a joint talent training mechanism, and train a group of high-tech talents such as automation and software development. The second is to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with international universities, establish a platform for talent exchange, and improve the quality of personnel training. Fourth, give full play to the positive role of industry associations. As a bridge and link between government and enterprises, industry associations can play an active and important role in promoting industrial development. The first is to strengthen publicity so that enterprises can recognize the advantages of machine substitution and economic benefits, and improve the enthusiasm of enterprise transformation. The second is to use the influence of the association in the industry, participate in the promotion and promotion of new technologies and new products, strengthen industry self-discipline, and assist the development of independent robot brands. The third is to maintain a fair market competition environment, establish a platform for international technology exchanges and cooperation, and promote the introduction, digestion and absorption of advanced foreign technology.
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