Interpretation of LED lighting technology from three levels of chip / package / application

Today, with the continuous development of LED lighting technology and the increasing emphasis on energy crisis in the society, the LED lighting industry is ushered in a full-scale outbreak, attracting a large number of capital and enterprises, and the competition in the lighting market is becoming increasingly fierce. From the perspective of the development of LED lighting technology, one can be in three aspects, one is the chip level, one is the package level, and the other is the application level. The chip level mainly focuses on the LED manufacturing technology; the packaging level is mainly how to convert the LED chip into a lamp or a light source that can be used for illumination; the development of LED application technology is relatively complicated, mainly including the development of electronic control technology, new materials. Development and use, development and improvement of environmental lighting quality assessment technology. At the chip level, the pursuit of high luminous efficiency has been the driving force for the development of LED chip technology. Flip-chip technology is one of the main technologies for obtaining high-efficiency and high-power LED chips. The sapphire in the substrate material and the vertical structure of the laser substrate stripping technology (LLO) and the new bonding technology will still be used for a long time. Dominant. However, in the near future, metal semiconductor structures will be used to improve ohmic contact, improve crystal quality, improve electron mobility and electrical injection efficiency, and at the same time improve the extracted light by roughening the surface of the LED chip and photonic crystal, high reflectivity mirror, and transparent electrode. Efficiency, the total efficiency of white LEDs can reach 52. With the improvement of LED light efficiency, on the one hand, the chip is getting smaller and smaller, and the number of chips that can be cut on a certain size epitaxial wafer is increasing, thus reducing the single chip. On the other hand, the single-chip power is getting bigger and bigger, as it is now 3W, and it will develop to 5W and 10W in the future. This power-required lighting application can reduce the number of chips used and reduce the cost of the application system. In short, flip-chip, high voltage, silicon-based gallium nitride will still be the development direction of semiconductor lighting chips. Package-level chip-scale packaging, LED filament packaging, high color rendering index and wide color gamut will be the future development trend of packaging technology. The use of transparent conductive film, surface roughening technology, DBR reflector technology to enhance the efficacy of LED lamp bead package is still the mainstream of technology; at the same time, the flip-chip structure of COB / COF technology is also the focus of packaging manufacturers, integrated packaged light engine Will become the focus of research and development in the next quarter. De-powering scheme (high-voltage LED), the popularity of COB/COF applications: driven by cost factors, the de-powering scheme has gradually become an acceptable product, and the high-voltage LED fully caters to the de-powering scheme, but it needs to solve the chip reliability. . With the advantages of low thermal resistance, good light quality, solder-free and low cost, COB applications will be widely used in the future. In addition, the medium power will become the mainstream packaging method. Most of the products on the market are high-power LED products or low-power LED products. Although they have their own advantages, they also have insurmountable defects, and the medium power combining the advantages of both. LED products came into being. There is also the application of new materials in packaging. Materials with higher environmental resistance such as high temperature resistance, UV resistance and low water absorption, such as thermosetting materials EMC, thermoplastic PCT, modified PPA and ceramic-like plastics, will be widely used. For the demand of light quality, for indoor lighting, LED color rendering index CRI is based on 80, with 90 as the goal, try to make the light color of lighting products close to Planck curve, in order to improve the light quality of LED, future indoor lighting Will also pay more attention to the quality of light. By optimizing the LED packaging technology, the light efficiency is further improved, and has now exceeded 200 lm/W, which is much higher than other conventionally used light sources. The heat dissipation performance of the LED lamp bead will be further improved, the reliability will be further improved, the life of the lamp bead will be further extended, and the light color quality will be further improved, and the human eye comfort will be further improved. LED application research and development level At present, application manufacturers mainly realize the cost optimization of LED lighting products by adopting new heat dissipation materials, advanced optical design and new optical material applications, and at the same time guarantee product performance. However, in the future, LED lighting application manufacturers will focus on these points: 1. Interchangeable LED light engine technology based on application scenarios; 2. LED intelligent lighting system architecture technology based on IoT platform; 3. Based on reliability design Development of LED lighting fixtures, development of high-performance LED lighting fixtures that maintain color/brightness consistency during use; 4. Development of lamps based on large-area efficient diffuse diffuser technology; 5. Lighting system solutions and services for online light environment experience System; 6, the color characteristics of LED light source, which makes scene lighting will also be the core competitiveness of LED lighting. Traditional lighting fixtures are designed around the shape and size of the light source and are fixed in size. The characteristics of LED lighting fixtures are: the shape of the lamps is free, the appearance is creative; the lamps are free in size and flexible in size; the lamps are freely light and on-demand; the lamps are freely spectral and the light color is flexible; the lamps are freely installed and installed freely. Future LED luminaire shapes will no longer be limited to the shape of traditional luminaires, but will tend to shape liberalization and concealment. Freedom of shape meets individual needs on the one hand, and ornamentation on the other, while the hidden nature of LEDs hides lighting fixtures in an embedded form but is ubiquitous. At the same time, LED lighting products can achieve arbitrary control of lighting lumens, and are no longer limited to a fixed number of watts in a certain region of a certain region, which will be a great technological advancement. Intelligent lighting: the future development trend Intelligent lighting refers to the use of intelligent client for information collection, processing and manipulation, through lighting adjustment, lighting switch machine distribution control, spectral adjustment control, scene settings and other functions to achieve safety, energy saving, health Comfortable features. The characteristics of intelligent lighting technology include distributed, remote telemetry, open, compatibility, and interactivity. To achieve intelligent lighting, it is necessary to have client intelligent operation technology and data acquisition technology, Internet data transmission technology, cloud big data management analysis technology, and customer online experience context lighting technology. Only based on these technologies can intelligent lighting be realized. The future requirements for intelligent lighting are personalized display, simple control, and emotional sensing. Home lighting is easier to control because of its simple lighting requirements, so smart LED lighting will start from here. However, with the development of technology, even in public, a good lighting system is needed in the future. For example, the demand for intelligent outdoor lighting is very high, but the technology is difficult to meet the demand. How to break through the technical bottlenecks and price barriers of intelligent lighting in public places such as outdoor lighting and commercial lighting has become an urgent problem to be solved. Intelligentization is an inevitable trend in future life. The intelligentization of LED lamps is only a small part of the intelligentization of various home devices. Enterprises must make their lamps intelligent and diverse through technology research and development to meet the individual needs of customers. However, due to the high cost and poor product matching of intelligent lighting technology, LED intelligent lighting products cannot be popularized. With the improvement of technology, stable product performance and reduced cost, intelligent LED lamps will definitely be widely distributed in the market. Whether LED companies have mastered intelligent lighting technology and designed products and intelligent control systems that cater to market demands have largely determined whether the company can develop in the long run. From the usage scene, the scenes are different and the lighting requirements are different. LED indoor lighting as a flood of LED lighting, its development has experienced three main stages: First, improve product performance. At this stage, LED companies focus on improving product performance and ensuring the lighting quality of LED products, such as improving the performance of LED light sources, MR16 lamp cups and LED modules; At this stage, enterprises should shorten the product recycling cycle, increase their product capacity, and improve the product development technology to produce cost-effective products that are acceptable to customers. Third, lead the digitalization of light. The quality of indoor lighting has three important measures: physical, physiological and psychological. Different lighting environments can affect the physiological indicators such as heartbeat and blood pressure of consumers, thus affecting the psychological comfort of consumers. In lighting applications, physiological and psychological indicators are more important. The future indoor lighting will not pay too much attention to light efficiency, but will pay more attention to the quality of light, pay more attention to the emotional experience of customers, create a pleasant environment through the perception of light, and the color difference of lamps with different viewing directions. The color difference, color drift and strobe of the LED products themselves will affect the indoor lighting effect. At present, the domestic LED lighting application technology is relatively scattered. The homogenized products and inferior products are flooding the LED lighting market, resulting in chaotic market and disorderly competition. Many domestic LED companies are in the learning stage, rather than independent innovation. Many SMEs focus on short-term benefits, and on the other hand, they do not have enough resources and time to invest in product development, resulting in uneven LED products. The quality and performance of LED products of international lighting companies are superior to domestic products in terms of optical design and product intelligent control. In response to this situation, small LED companies can develop enterprises through the technology of purchasing industry associations or through the marketing strength of enterprises in the early stage; if the scale of enterprises reaches the medium-sized stage, they need to change their development strategies, and conduct in-depth research on the market to clarify LED lighting. The future development trend of the products, actively investing a large amount of resources to enhance the research and development strength, and compete with the group of LED lighting market. The LED lighting industry will continue to integrate resources. LED lighting companies must have a keen market insight, increase investment in product research and development capabilities, and accumulate core competitiveness in order to be in an invincible position in the future competition.

A Top Sub, or Crossover Sub as it is sometimes called, is used to attach the motor to the drill-string.

The crossover Sub typically has a standard API box connection that connects to the drill-string and a proprietary pin connection that connects to the motor.

Top subs may also be designed with a float bore for those applications that may require Float Valve.

Optionally, a dump valve sub can be used in place of the top sub.

The dump valve sub has the same function as a top sub, but instead contains an internal bypass valve that enables the fluid in the drill-string to drain out when the string is pulled out of the hole.

Top Sub

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